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How AI Facial Recognition Is Helping Conserve Pumas
人工智能面部识别如何帮助保护美洲狮
INTRO: This is Scientific American’s 60-Second Science. I'm Ashleigh Papp.
简介:这是《科学美国人》的60秒科学。我是阿什利·帕普。
Papp: Mountain lions are now posing for their close ups. Researchers based in the greater Yellowstone National Park area have figured out a new way to identify these cats by using facial recognition. And this method is proving to be a better way to monitor these highly elusive creatures.
帕普:山狮现在正在为特写镜头摆姿势。大黄石国家公园地区的研究人员发现了一种通过面部识别识别这些猫科动物的新方法。事实证明,这种方法是监测这些高度难以捉摸的生物的更好方法。
Alexander: Mountain lions are just really, really hard to directly observe. They're just so cryptic and secretive. And so we've had to find these non-invasive methods, they're often called to, to get information about a mountain lion population.
亚历山大:山狮真的很难直接观察到。他们太神秘了。所以我们必须找到这些非侵入性的方法,他们经常被要求,来获取有关山狮种群的信息。
Papp: That’s Peter Alexander, a research biologist based in Kelly, Wyoming, who led the research project.
One tool that researchers like Alexander are using is a camera trap. The traps, which are about the size of a shoe box or even a coffee cup, are attached to something that's along the animal's regular path, like a tree that the puma has territorially scraped.
帕普:这是彼得·亚历山大,一位位于怀俄明州凯利的研究生物学家,他领导了这个研究项目。
像亚历山大这样的研究人员正在使用的一种工具是相机陷阱。这些陷阱大约有一个鞋盒甚至一个咖啡杯那么大,附着在动物正常路径上的东西上,就像美洲狮在领土上刮过的一棵树。
When motion is detected, the trap gets triggered, resulting in a snapshot of the mountain lion as it strolls by. The cameras even have an infrared flash so that nighttime photos are captured without disturbing the animal.
当检测到运动时,陷阱会被触发,从而在山狮走过时拍下它的快照。这些相机甚至有一个红外闪光灯,这样就可以在不干扰动物的情况下拍摄夜间照片。
Researchers around the world use this type of tool to estimate population numbers and overall abundance of species. They comb through the images, sometimes using machine learning algorithms, and analyze them to identify individuals. But according to Alexander, there's a problem with this method when it comes to ID'ing mountain lions:
世界各地的研究人员使用这种工具来估计种群数量和物种的总体丰富度。他们梳理图像,有时使用机器学习算法,并对其进行分析以识别个人。但亚历山大表示,这种方法在识别山狮时存在一个问题:
Alexander: Tigers that's kind of the classic example of using cameras for individual identity. Because those stripes, they're like a fingerprint. (10:17) And so a cougar, they do not have any of those really conspicuous stripes on their sides. And so yeah, just your typical flank view shot can be pretty nondescript.
亚历山大:老虎,这是一个典型的使用相机进行个人身份识别的例子。因为那些条纹就像指纹。(10:17)因此,美洲狮的身体两侧没有任何明显的条纹。所以,是的,仅仅是你典型的侧翼视角拍摄可能很难描述。
Papp: That’s because nearly all pumas around the world, with exceptions of distinguishing things like scars, have light, sandy colored fur down their sides. The scientific name for a mountain lion, Puma concolor, literally translates to "one color". This lack of unique coloration on the sides of their bodies means that researchers like Alexander can't usually tell if one puma crosses a camera trap five times, or if five individual animals pass by.
However, it’s a different story when it comes to their facial markings — they're kind of a show stopper.
帕普:那是因为几乎全世界所有的美洲狮,除了区别伤疤之类的东西外,两侧都有浅色的沙质皮毛。美洲狮的学名是美洲狮,字面意思是“一种颜色”。身体两侧缺乏独特的颜色,这意味着像亚历山大这样的研究人员通常无法判断一只美洲狮是否五次穿过相机陷阱,或者是否有五只动物经过。
然而,当涉及到他们的面部标记时,情况就不同了——他们有点像一个表演的阻碍者。
Alexander: You get a close up image of a face, they're stunning. Just those huge eyes, and there's a lot of detail in whisker patterns and all sorts of stuff. They really are beautiful.
亚历山大:如果你得到一张脸部的特写照片,那真是太棒了。只有那双大眼睛,胡须图案和各种各样的东西都有很多细节。它们真的很漂亮。
Papp: So, Alexander and his team decided to capitalize on the dramatic facial features of mountain lions. They added a few gadgets to their camera traps so that when motion was detected, a cougar kitten call was played. This noise reliably peaked the interest of passerby pumas so that they looked up long enough for the camera trap to grab a face shot.
Papp:所以,亚历山大和他的团队决定利用山狮的面部特征。他们在相机陷阱中添加了一些小玩意,这样当检测到动作时,就会发出一声美洲豹小猫的叫声。这一噪音确实激发了路人美洲狮的兴趣,因此它们抬头看的时间足够长,以便相机捕捉到面部照片。
Five independent investigators reviewed the puma headshots and attempted to ID the individual animals. Compared to the traditional side angle camera trap, the new attention-getting device was about 92% more accurate. This work was recently published in the journal Ecology and Evolution.
五名独立的调查人员审查了美洲狮的头像照片,并试图确定这些动物的身份。与传统的侧角相机陷阱相比,这种新的吸引注意力的设备的准确度提高了约92%。这项研究最近发表在《生态学与进化》杂志上。
This study is an important step on the path to being able to more confidently identify and track animals, in a really scalable way. Snapping headshots of mountain lions also opens up new opportunities to involve AI techniques. Like, the facial recognition technology used by airport security — this could really expedite the image analyzation process for researchers.
这项研究是以真正可扩展的方式更自信地识别和跟踪动物的重要一步。拍摄山狮的头像也为人工智能技术的应用开辟了新的机会。就像机场安检使用的面部识别技术一样,这确实可以加快研究人员的图像分析过程。
Alexander: I think that's very possible. That could be a really useful technique in the future. There have been a lot of other facial recognition studies done on animals, but it's never been with a camera trap. So that was kind of the unique thing about this study was merging these two ideas.
亚历山大:我认为这很有可能。这可能是未来非常有用的技术。有很多其他的面部识别研究是在动物身上进行的,但从来没有使用过相机陷阱。所以这项研究的独特之处在于融合了这两种观点。
Papp: And beyond being able to more precisely understand how many mountain lions are in an area, Alexander says that this new camera trap method could be used for tracking other critters that lack distinguishing side colors but have unique features elsewhere. This includes vulnerable species like wolverines, pine martens, and even grizzly bears. That’s worth saying "cheese" for the camera, don't you think?
帕普:亚历山大说,除了能够更准确地了解一个地区有多少只山狮外,这种新的相机捕捉方法还可以用来追踪其他没有明显侧色但在其他地方有独特特征的动物。这包括易受伤害的物种,如狼獾、松鼠,甚至灰熊。你不觉得在镜头前说“奶酪”是值得的吗?
OUTRO: Thanks for listening! For Scientific American's 60-Second Science, I’m Ashleigh Papp.
奥特罗:谢谢你的聆听!《科学美国人》的《60秒科学》,我是阿什利·帕普。
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